Pellet making machines are known by more than a few names, including wood pellet machine, wood pellet mill along with biomass pellet press among others. The basic principle of all biomass pellet machines is the compression of the biomass residue between a roller and die. The pressure plus heat involved melts the wood residue together in addition to forms it into a pellet shape. Once the pellets cool they hold the pellet shape as well as quality pellets are durable. However the above comment is to create the process appear much more straightforward than it actually is, as the characteristics plus qualities of the raw matter directly impact on how well the matter performs in the pellet mill. The key factors which consequence the materials performance are particle size, matter density, moisture content in addition to lignin percentage.

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The general rule for particle size before going into the pellet is to be smaller than the diameter of the pellet to be shaped. For case if the pellet mill is using a 6mm die, the raw material particle size should be 6mm or below. On the other hand several studies have shown that a smaller particle size of around 3mm performs better in the wood pellet machinery generating a more compressed pellet. One of the reasons for this owing to a smaller particle size, the pellet mill has better temperature penetration into the raw matter to melt the untreated lignin to help form the pellet. Yet, dropping the particle size below 3mm can have a negative effect on pellet compression. As a fine dust the rollers of the pellet find it hard to trap the matter between the roller plus die. Also as the fibre of the raw matter has been broken down to such a level, compression results are severely effected. Once the correct particle size has been established the wood is processed in a hammer mill by way of a suitably sized screen to organize the biomass particles for the biomass pellet appliance. Though matter density also effects the performance of the pellet mill. For case the pellet mill will have a diverse productivity by means of softwood residues compared to hardwood residues. The reasons for this is it is easier to compress softwood and temperature penetration is easier, therefore a higher productivity can be achieved by means of softwood residues. Some wood pellet manufactures make a blend of softwood plus hardwood residues to improve the performance of the wood pellet machinery.

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One of the key reasons wood pellets burn so efficiently is owing to the fact their moisture content is so low, yet a certain percentage of moisture is required in the pellet production process to help to melt the unrefined lignin to bind the pellet together. This percentage varies between biomass species and unlike pellet machines along with processes. For instance, large scale construction uses steam conditioners to prepare the particle plus pre-melt the lignin, here a lower moisture content is suitable. However for smaller scale construction where steam conditioning is not practical or affordable, a higher moisture content is required. Some raw materials may also need additional binder along with lubricants as the percentage of organic lignin is not sufficient. If this is the case in point the most common additional binders are based around modified corn starch. The input is below 1%, along with can improve pellet quality along with also raise pellet mill productivity.

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